**Covers the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces (not gravity) and classifies all known elementary [[particles]].** The Standard Model of physics covers the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces (**not gravity**) and classifies all known elementary particles. It, along with general relativity (which covers gravity), are the two main models of physics. It's actually just a formula: ![[screenshot 3.png]] No idea what any of that means. # Fermions The standard model is all about particles. There are 3 groups of 4 particles that make up _matter_ - these 12 are **Fermions**, and they obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle. This basically means they cannot occupy the same space at the same time. | Normal Matter Ones | Heavier Ones | Heaviest Ones | | ------------------ | ------------------- | ------------------- | | Electron | Muon (200x heavier) | Tau (3500x heavier) | | Up | Charm | Top | | Down | Strange | Bottom | | Neutrino | Muon Neutrino | Tau Neutrino | The "Normal Matter" ones are my wording. They make up everything around that you think of. - **Protons** are a combination of 2 "Up" quarks and 1 "Down" - **Neutrons** are a combination of 1 "Up" quark and 2 "Down" # Bosons Alongside the 12 Fermions are 5 **Bosons**, which give rise to the 3 forces (strong, weak, and electromagnetism). They also include the Higgs Boson, which gives rise to mass - yet for some reason this doesn't make gravity part of the standard model? I don't get quantum physics. Sue me. | Force | Related Bosons | Force Reference | Note | | ---------------- | ----------------- | --------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Electromagnetism | Photon | Chemistry | Radiates Out | | Strong Force | Gluon | Fission | Only happens _between_ Fermions | | Weak Force | W Boson & Z Boson | Fusion | It's actually about **decay**. And its the **only** one that affects neutrinos | | | Higgs Boson | Mass | Dunno why this doesn't mean _gravity_ is in the Standard Model. | **** ## Source - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model) - [Excellent Quanta Magazine Video](https://youtu.be/Unl1jXFnzgo?si=PozYnshaYD2sOx5I) ## Related - [[Planck Units]]