This file is written in [[Markdown]], using [[UTF-8]] [[character encoding]]. It is **4kb** on disk, because MacOS's `APFS` (Apple File System) has a minimum "block" size of 4kb. This means the smallest file in terms of disk storage is 4kb. That 4kb does **not** include metadata, like filename, path, etc. These things are tracked separately in the File System Catalog (or "B-Tree") `FAT` is an older file storage system. It's optimized for hard disks and less efficient than APFS and other modern alternatives. It's actually a family of file systems, including `FAT32` and the more modern `exFAT`. - FAT32 is limited to 4GB files, because it has 4GB partitions inside it. It's also more prone to corruption if not safely ejected from the system. - exFAT was designed to replace FAT32. It doesn't have the 4GB limit. It works on all modern computers and should be the default if you're formatting an SD Card or USB stick. **** # More ## Source - Some primary research combined with a chat with Gemini